青藏高原东缘亚高山针叶林和采伐迹地中藓类生长速率及其影响因子

利用红油漆标记法,对青藏高原东缘地区壤塘林业局二林场亚高山采伐迹地和云杉(Picea)原始林中的6种藓类近一个生长季的生长速率进行了研究。结合原地同时进行的微气候观测,分析了气候因子和藓类生长速率之间的相关度。这6种藓类中,有5种在原始林和采伐迹地都出现,只有绢藓(Entodon conncinus)仅在采伐迹地出现。不同物种和不同生境条件下藓类的生长速率都不相同。塔藓(Hylocomium splendens)的茎生长速率最大,而阿萨姆曲尾藓(Dicranum assamicum)生长速率最小。生境对塔藓、阿萨姆曲尾藓和细叶羽藓(Thuidium lepidoziaceum)的生长速率影响很大,它们在林内比在采伐迹地生长快。锦丝藓(Actinothuidium hookeri)和垂枝藓(Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus)的生长速率中等并且对生境不敏感。据此可以将藓类分成生境敏感型和不敏感型。微气候5~7月分析显示林内比采伐迹地的辐射通量低,并且更为干燥。但是早上林内的蒸汽压亏缺(Vapor pressure deficit, VPD)一直比采伐迹地低。林内较低的蒸汽压亏缺和较低的辐射通量使其成为更有利于藓类的生长场所。对于那些生境类型不敏感的藓类,微地形的效应也许抵消了这种大生境的效应。藓类的生理生态特征如变水(Poikilohydry)特征等对其在严酷气候条件下的生存和生长起着重要的作用。如同积温一样,藓类的生长速率同样可以指示生境的适宜度, 因为其生长和蒸汽压亏缺紧密相关,是温度和湿度的函数,而这两个因素对于川西亚高山地区森林人工更新时幼苗的建植极为关键。因此藓类的生长状况可以作为指示适宜植树生境的指标。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘苔藓结皮对荒漠土壤种子库的影响

对腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头人工植被区和天然植被区苔藓结皮种子库进行了研究.结果表明,土壤种子库密度随着苔藓结皮的发育呈现增加的趋势,天然植被区是24年生人工植被区的3.4倍.种子库中共发现12种植物种子,分属于6科,其中1年生草本植物占70%以上.人工植被区未发现有多年生草本的植物种子,天然植被区多年生草本占20%,半灌木植物在人工植被区和天然植被区分别占20%和10%.人工植被区土壤种子库物种丰富度指数相对较低,而天然植被区物种丰富度指数是人工植被区的2倍;人工植被区土壤种子库物种多样性指数随着结皮的发育略有下降,天然植被区的多样性指数最高,为0.693;人工植被区土壤种子库物种相似性指数为1,相对较高,而人工植物区与天然植被区的物种相似性指数为0.4.苔藓结皮的出现增加了地表粗糙度,有利于对种子的捕获,同时显著地改善了土壤环境,有利于更多植物的定居.     

A climatic threshold triggers the die‐off of peat mosses during an extreme heat wave

Heat waves, which are projected to be more frequent and intense in a warmer climate, could become a serious threat to plants that rely on water surplus availability, such as bryophytes. Here, I take the advantage of the European summer 2003 climate anomaly to assess the impact of an extreme heat wave on peat mosses of the genus Sphagnum, a group of bryophytes forming the bulk of living and dead biomass in peatlands. With this aim, 20 selected bogs in the Italian Alps were checked for Sphagnum survival in the years following the heat wave. Over the study area, the period May–September 2003 was characterized by higher mean monthly air temperature (13.5 °C) and lower mean monthly precipitation (87 mm) compared with normal climatic conditions (11.5 °C and 117 mm, respectively) so that the heat wave coincided with a drought spell. As a consequence of the unusual water stress, I documented an increased mortality of peat mosses forming high hummocks. In particular, at habitat scale, the distribution of desiccated peat mosses was restricted to the hummock face receiving the greatest amount of solar irradiation. However, at regional scale, the present study identified a climatic threshold, simply defined by the ratio of precipitation to temperature (P : T), which triggered an irreversible desiccation of peat mosses when mean monthly P : T dropped below 6.5 (mm : °C) during May–September 2003. The absence of any sign of recovery after 4 years since the drought must be seen as a harbinger of the deleterious effects of extreme heat waves on organisms not adapted to cope with abrupt climate anomaly.     

甘肃白龙江流域提灯藓科植物研究

对采自甘肃白龙江流域的180余份提灯藓科植物标本进行了分类研究,共鉴定出该科植物4属22种,其中瘤柄匍灯藓、大叶毛灯藓、细枝毛灯藓、具丝毛灯藓为甘肃省新记录种。同时,依据标本编制了白龙江流域提灯藓科植物的分属、分种检索表,列出了各个种的生境和分布,并对其区系成份进行了分析。     

Nitrogen fixation in mixed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hylocomium splendens</Emphasis> moss communities

The pleurocarpus feather moss, Hylocomium splendens, is one of two co-dominant moss species in boreal forest ecosystems and one of the most common mosses on earth, yet little is known regarding its capacity to host cyanobacterial associates and thus contribute total ecosystem N. In these studies, we evaluated the N-fixation potential of the H. splendens–cyanobacteria association and contrasted the N-fixation activity with that of the putative N-fixing moss–cyanobacteria association of Pleurozium schreberi. Studies were conducted to: quantify N-fixation in H. splendens and P. schreberi in sites ranging from southern to northern Fennoscandia; assess N and P availability as drivers of N-fixation rates; contrast season-long N-fixation rates for both mosses; and characterize the cyanobacteria that colonize shoots of H. splendens. Nitrogen-fixation rates were generally low at southern latitudes and higher at northern latitudes (64–69°N) potentially related to anthropogenic N deposition across this gradient. Nitrogen fixation in H. splendens appeared to be less sensitive to N deposition than P. schreberi. The season-long assessment of N-fixation rates at a mixed feather moss site in northern Sweden showed that H. splendens fixed a substantial quantity of N, but about 50% less total N compared to the contribution from P. schreberi. In total, both species provided 1.6 kg fixed N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Interestingly, H. splendens demonstrated somewhat higher N-fixation rates at high fertility sites compared to P. schreberi. Nostoc spp. and Stigonema spp. were the primary cyanobacteria found to colonize H. splendens and P. schreberi. These results suggest that H. splendens with associated Nostoc or Stigonema communities contributes a significant quantity of N to boreal forest ecosystems, but the contribution is subordinate to that of P. schreberi at northern latitudes. Epiphytic cyanobacteria are likely a key factor determining the co-dominant presence of these two feather mosses across the boreal biome.     

Localization of Associative Cyanobacteria on the Roots of Epiphytic Orchids

This work is the first study of the localization of phototrophic microorganisms in the rhizoplane and velamen of epiphytic orchids, namely, on the aerial and substrate roots of Acampe papillosa and Dendrobium moschatum and on the aerial roots of Phalaenopsis amabilis and Dendrobium phalaenopsis. The composition of the bacterial community on the plant roots depended on the conditions of plant growth. Under conditions simulating the climate of moist tropical forests, the aerial roots proved to be populated with phototrophic microorganisms, among which cyanobacteria predominated. Interlaced fungal hyphae and filamentous cyanobacteria formed a sheath on the surface of the aerial roots. The nitrogen-fixing capacity of the sheath of the aerial roots was studied on the example of P. amabilis.     

The effects of sand stabilization and revegetation on cryptogam species diversity and soil fertility in the Tengger Desert, Northern China

Cryptogamic crusts have long been regarded as important components of desert ecosystems. In order to reduce and combat the hazards of sandstorm and desertification, it is critical to conserve cryptogamic crusts in arid desert and semiarid regions. In this study, we characterized soil physical and chemical properties after revegetation on sanddunes stabilized with straw checkerboard. Revegetation accelerated the improvement of environmental conditions leading to the establishment and propagation of cryptogams on sanddunes in the Tengger desert region. Since revegetation began 44 years ago, 24 species of algae and 5 species of moss have established on fixed sanddunes in the Shapotou region in the northwest of China, but no lichens have been observed. Algal cover and species richness were found to be positively correlated with soil pH, contents of silt and clay, concentrations of HCO₃ ^–, Cl^–, SO₄ ^2-, Mg²⁺, soil organic carbon and N contents (p < 0.01), but were only weakly correlated with concentration of Ca²⁺, electrical conductivity (EC) and potassium content (K₂O). The number of species and cover of mosses were positively correlated with soluble K⁺ and Na⁺ but no other relationships were apparent. The percent sand in composition of soil particle sizes, and soil bulk density were both negatively correlated to species number and cover for both cryptogam organisms. This study represents a successful example of restoration of cryptogam species diversity in arid desert regions.     

苔藓土壤节肢动物群落及其多样性

苔藓土壤中分布着种类和数量丰富的节肢动物 ,主要是中、小型土壤动物。对上海市区苔藓土壤节肢动物群落进行了为期一年的调查研究 ,用 Tullgren分离装置 ,共收集土壤节肢动物 1 95 4 2只 ,隶属 5纲 1 1目 46科 5 8种。螨类和弹尾类共占总捕量的 97.4%,为苔藓土壤节肢动物的优势类群。螨类占苔藓土壤节肢动物种类的 74.2 %,个体数量的 79.7%,是苔藓土壤节肢动物群落的特征类群。优势种跗线螨 ( Tarsone-mus sp.)和真长须螨 ( Eustigmaeus clavated)均取食苔藓 ,并耐受低温 ,跗线螨占节肢动物总捕量的 45 %,真长须螨占 1 5 %。苔藓层节肢动物以螨类的前气门亚目为主 ,多为优势种和常见种 ,个体数量多 ,而土壤层节肢动物以螨类的隐气门亚目和弹尾类为主 ,种类较丰富。苔藓土壤节肢动物群落的多样性指数和优势集中性指数主要由螨类决定 ,受季节的影响明显 ,5月和 1 0月份多样性指数最高 ,1月份最低 ,而 1月优势集中性指数最高